To set the stage, the book provides an account of a father and son travelling through, and struggling to survive in, a post-apocalyptic world. But "post-apocalyptic" is probably the wrong word to use. A better description would be a world between eschaton and apocalypse, where the eschaton is the end time and the apocalypse is the new beginning. The Road shows us the journey in between, from eschaton to apocalypse. It shows us a father and son making their way through a world choking on the ashes of the old and with only a childish hope for the new.
That hope still exists in this "between" world is evident in the fact that the pair are travelling south. They are trying to make their way to the sea and to the possibility for life that the sea represents. More palpably it is evident in the son. Not in the sense that the son has hope but in the sense that the son is the hope (of the father). The son is the seed of the new world. The son is the goodness from the old that must be carried forward into the new, and that needs to be preserved in the process. No matter what the cost. By whatever means.
With this setting The Road offers us something like a theodicy. I say "something like" because a theodicy typically provides a defense of the justice of God. The goal is to get God off of the hook for evil, or to show that God is just despite evil. The Road offers us something like a theodicy because instead of defending God's justice it gives us a reason for God's injustice. It doesn't give us an explanation for all evil but it does give an explanation for certain immoral actions that all of us could understand.
The point I take from The Road then, to finally get to my point, is not so much that we are to survive by any means possible once the end time comes, as if we are to be like the cannibals that the father and son try to avoid, but rather that we are to protect and preserve the hope that is the son by any means possible. The goodness of the son must survive to bring about the post-apocalyptic world that we all dream of. No matter what the cost. By whatever means.
Thanks be to Job.
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