The Lost Art of Writing Scripture

It is a common view that the Bible was written by God.  Or that the various texts that constitute it are the result of God writing through human hands.  Prophetic hands such as Moses' or John's.

An extension of this thinking is that if any other hands meddle with the Texts they become corrupt.  The divine original has been lost and what remains cannot be trusted, whether it came from God or not.

This 'God-as-author' view does more harm than good however.  Sure it is deeply true that God's voice is present in Scripture, but insisting upon the divine issuance of Scripture is not necessary at all.  We can avoid one of our society's major problems with Scripture by simply distinguishing between these two.  That is, when God speaks in Scripture we are to certainly take what God says as True.  But we are not to take Scripture itself as from God.  As if God wrote it and there is some original, untainted version, to which we have no access.

There is another problem as well with the God-as-author view.  More than just disconnecting us from Scripture it has also caused us, as a people, to lose touch with the art of writing Scripture.  Whether God is the original source of the Scripture written or not.

I say this for two reasons.

First, in believing that Scripture is God-authored we dismiss the possibility of it being the work of human hands.  It may be in us to theologize, or to provide commentary on Biblical texts, but the writing of Scripture is for God alone.  It is neither for us nor in us to take on such a holy task as Paul or Mark, and so we don't.  We don't engage in the work of writing Scripture since it is beyond our place as humankind.

Second, in believing that Scripture is God-authored the editing or redaction of Texts is an offence.  We lose touch with the fact that this is precisely how Scripture comes into being: through the successive iterations and perfections of generations throughout history.

Because we think that God wrote Scripture any change we see in a Biblical text over time is not appreciated as part of the writing process and as necessary to producing the truth-revealing power of Scripture but rather it is despised as a spoiler of what was once, or may once have been, a holy text.  We have lost the art of writing Scripture, which above all is multi-generational and involves the (re)expression of a wisdom that is generations in the making.  A wisdom that is very much like a tree.

As a people we must recognize once again that Scripture is produced just like any other piece of literature:  It doesn't come fully formed from the divine womb only to degrade under the profane influence of the world but rather Scripture is the result of a text's inception and maturation over time in the world through the tending of many human hands.  Edits, redactions, additions and all.

Scripture is not God-authored, nor is it authored by a single prophet, but rather it is a work of art that spans generations in its creation and perfection.

If we start to recognize the multi-generational authorship of Scripture maybe we'll start, once again, to pour over and (re)produce texts on the order of Genesis 2-3 and the book of Job.

Maybe our religious imagination as a people will be reawakened and the next time an argument is cast against the Bible because it was 'touched' by human hands we won't lament what is lost but rather we'll thank God that human hands are capable of such a marvelous craft.

Thanks be to God and to Job.

Behemoth's What?

The book of Job is as wonderfully simple as it is complex.

Simple because it is so straight up.  Because it tells us things point blank.  Because it doesn't require an advanced degree to grasp its point.  That Job is a perfect man for instance.  That there is no one in the world like Job.  That Job is the apple of God's eye.  That something is bothering Job after everything he has is taken away.

Complex because it is so unclear.  Because it tells us things so mysteriously.  Because its point, though simple, is far from easy to grasp.  The meaning of Job's final words for instance.  The intention of God's speeches.  The advice of Job's wife.  ("Curse God and die" or "Bless God and die"?  You just can't say from the words she uses alone!)

Within single passages of the book's sweeping verses there are singular instances of complexity that do not deny the simplicity of the book but that enrich it and challenge us to discern it more deeply.

The book of Job is wisdom literature.  It is simple, as wisdom should be.  For every man and woman to grasp.  But also complex, as wisdom is also.  Something that every man and woman needs to prove worthy of.  The book of Job calls for our discernment and the receiving of wisdom in us.

For instance, within God's majestic speech* in praise of Behemoth we find a single verse and word that raises eyebrows and begs us to discern.  The point is simple but the deeper meaning is unclear:

"His tail sways like a cedar," God says.  Or at least, this is how the common translations go.

God's point in this verse is quite simply to describe Behemoth in all of its glory to Job.  "Look at its tail!" God says. "What a tail!"  But closer inspection reveals more to God's words than that.  Although it is impossible to say for certain the original reader of this passage wouldn't see God pointing out Behemoth's tail but penis.

God is praising Behemoth by pointing out its cedar-like erection.

"Look at Behemoth," God says.  "Look at how potent it is!  Look at how its stiffened manhood sways in the wind!"

God is celebrating Behemoth's sex organ.  For its potency.  For its firmness.  For its erection.    That is quite simply what God is doing.  But why would God do such a thing?  Why would God point to this appendage over others?

The key to opening up the entire book is in this word alone.  If we go back to the beginning of Job's story the deeper meaning becomes clear: Job is a perfect man God says.  Job is perfect and upright God says. 

In the beginning Job is akin to a massive erection swaying in the wind.  Job is potent.  Job is firm.  Job is standing tall.

But this is only in the beginning!  By chapter 3 Job is down in the dirt lamenting his human condition.  By chapter 3 Job has lost all sense of potency as a human being.  By chapter 3 Job is no longer upright.

Thus God tries to cure Job of his impotence by reminding him that he was made along with Behemoth.  That Behemoth, and Behemoth's mighty erection, are a reminder to Job of his own potential glory as a human being.

Thanks be to Job.

*"Job 40:15 Look at Behemoth, which I made along with you and which feeds on grass like an ox. 16 What strength he has in his loins, what power in the muscles of his belly! 17 His tail sways like a cedar; the sinews of his thighs are close-knit. 18 His bones are tubes of bronze, his limbs like rods of iron. 19 He ranks first among the works of God, yet his Maker can approach him with his sword. 20 The hills bring him their produce, and all the wild animals play nearby. 21 Under the lotus plants he lies, hidden among the reeds in the marsh. 22 The lotuses conceal him in their shadow; the poplars by the stream surround him. 23 When the river rages, he is not alarmed; he is secure, though the Jordan should surge against his mouth. 24 Can anyone capture him by the eyes, or trap him and pierce his nose?"

Copernicus Against the Church

A defining event in modern Western history is Copernicus' idea that the earth revolves around the sun.  Not the sun around the earth.

The veracity of the claim launched the Copernican Revolution and the ascendancy of science as our society's way to truth.  It marked a turning point in history where truth is obtained not through the teachings of the Church but through consultation with science.

The Church's resistance to Copernicus' idea effectively put the Church on the wrong side of history and was the beginning of the Church's (and Scripture's) growing irrelevance in people's lives.  Our society has lost and continues to lose faith in the Church (and Scripture) because we believe its positions are irreconcilable with such obvious facts as heliocentricity.

But here is the thing: isn't the Church treated a bit unfairly for its proclamations against Copernicus?  More to the point, wasn't the Church deeply right, if superficially wrong, in its insistence that the earth is at the centre of it all?  Or that we earthlings, and not the Sun, are in the position of command?  And are that around which all things revolve?

Just think for a moment: this position of the Church (and Scripture) is true!  Our life in the world shows us that it is!  Sure we are small.  Sure we can die in an instant and the cosmos is an expansive and mysterious space.  But look at what we have done and are able to do!  Look at what is under our power and what could be ours to control!

We have yet to subdue the stars but many of the earth's inhabitants are already under our command.  As human beings we have the power to make life hell just as we can build things like no other has built before.

The simple fact of the matter (evinced by our human capacity for science among other things) is that we are the centre of the universe.  The other planets and suns do, or are meant, to revolve around us.

We have the power, the responsibility, and the potential glory as humankind.  We are the ones who are called to speak so that others will listen and fall in line.  And will revolve around us and our Word.

In its resistance to heliocentricity the Church was simply proclaiming a truth that is deeper and more important than heliocentricity.  It made a mistake in regards to astronomy but it is understandable why it might make the mistake.

The Church did it for us.  To call us to the responsibility that we have all along been called to and to defend us against those who would say that we don't deserve it.

Thanks be to Job.

Remembering our Hope in the Resurrection

Today is Easter Monday.  Today is the day that the Lord was raised.

However there is a problem with our relationship to the resurrection of Jesus Christ:  Sitting so far away from it in history it is difficult for us to take it as fact.

We are doubtful that the resurrection ever happened because it happened so long ago.  Because it hasn't happened ever since.  Because we have no evidence to say that it ever happened at all.

As a result our belief in the resurrection has fallen on hard times.  Along with it the Christian faith.  We no longer take seriously the resurrection of Christ or what this means for our own life.  That resurrection is possible for us too.  That we are so special that we might receive such a destiny.

I believe that the solution to the problem of our having dismissed the resurrection is reconnecting to the time that came before.  To the time before Christ rose from the dead and Saint Paul proclaimed the mystery throughout the world.

In this time it was not belief in the resurrection that people had but hope.  There was no question of whether or not the resurrection should be believed but whether if we had hope in it.

Before Christ rose from the dead all that people could do is hope:  Hope that such an eventuality could come about.  Hope that all things are possible for God and that some of us deserve this ultimate sign of our worth.  (Life!)

But ever since the resurrection happened it's been about the belief.  There's no need to hope anymore because it has already happened.  God has already shown what God can do and humankind has been proven in its (potential) worth.

There is a shift from hope to belief.  From a time when only hope could be had to a time after it happens and what is called for is belief.

It itself this shift is not a bad thing.  The problem is that we have since lost the belief, and we have long since lost touch with the hope that came before the belief.

We have forgotten the time when all that we had was hope.  Because the resurrection is a hopeful thing.  Something that I desperately hope more than anything else.

So this Easter Monday let us remember not our belief in the resurrection but our hope.  Let us restore our hope that such a wonderful thing is possible whether it happened or not to the Lord.

Thanks be to Job.

Clothing and Nudity on a Biblical Scale

Clothing is a subtle yet powerful theme in the Bible.  So is nudity.

For instance, Adam and Eve's nudity is explicitly referenced in Genesis.  It is also their nudity that they realise and try to cover up.  And finally, in this short story alone, the pair is given hide clothing by God as they leave the garden.  (As a farewell gift or a mark of their shame?)

Noah too, only a few chapters later, has an episode involving nudity.  He got drunk one day and passed out naked in his tent.  His son Ham then stumbled in upon him and was cursed for it.  Not only Ham but his entire progeny.  (Why such a harsh penalty?!)  Ham's brothers had to walk in backwards after Ham to cover Noah with a blanket...

From here the theme of nudity and clothing persists in the Bible, right up to the book of Revelation where those who remain in the end are not naked but dressed in white robes.  Here the chosen people are not covered by (shameful?) hides and blankets but clothes that remind us of the original light of creation.  Or better yet,of  Joseph's magnificent coat given to him as a gift from his father to bespeak Joseph's glory.

Clothing and nudity is a subtle yet powerful theme from beginning to end.

And that's just it, or what I believe is one of the most fundamental patterns of the Bible: the peculiar movement that constantly emerges there from being naked in the beginning to being clothed in glory through grace at the end.

"Naked I came from the womb," declared Job, "and naked I will remain!"  But in faith and truth Job is not naked in the end.  Rather, like those who remain at the end in Revelation, he is clothed in glory through the grace of God.  He is not naked but decked in richer and more beautiful clothes than ever before...

It is the same pattern in the book of Job that holds on the broader Biblical scale.  From Adam and Eve to those who are dressed in the white robes in the end times.  Again and again the movement from being naked to being clothed in glory through grace emerges in the Bible.

Even the hides given to Adam and Eve and the blanket placed upon Noah fit this holy pattern.  Despite their shameful connotations.

Thanks be to Job.

Introduction to the Book of Job

I've studied the book of Job for some time now.  I'm also constantly praising the man whose name that it bears.

But I've yet to really talk about the book or the man.  At least not here.  So this will be my introduction.

I think a good point of entry is why the book is so great.  I think this is partly answered by why Job is so great.  Understanding the glory of Job is key to opening up the book in all of its glory.

In regards to the man then, I would say that Job is great because he shows us what we are made of.  He shows us what a human life made of dust and invigorated by the Spirit can do.

More precisely, Job shows us that we can stand up to God and live.  He shows us that we can call even God to account and survive the encounter.

Indeed, Job shows us that we can not only survive the encounter but that we can come out of it so valued and adored by God that God would work miracles just to keep us around.  God would even save us from the ashes to ensure our eternal presence and loving rivalry.

Job is great, pure and simply, because he reveals the full glory of humankind.  He shows what those of us who are made of dust can do and he proves that some of us are worth saving from the ash heap.  That we can equal and perhaps even surpass the Almighty in wisdom and power.

Why is the book of Job so great?  Because it reveals even greater mysteries than Job. 

Perhaps the greatest mystery of all is that we are called by God to do what Job does.  That we are made to stand up and fight in the search of goodness and truth.  To call even God to account if needbe.

What is it that God declares to Job from the storm?  "Gird your loins like a man!"

God doesn't say this to knock Job down but to raise him up.  God is calling Job to fulfill his calling as a human being and to image God.

So let us do likewise in memory of Job.

Let us show God what we are made of.

Thanks be to Job.

Has Science Surpassed Religion?

I heard a claim recently that science has surpassed religion.  It has done so by answering the problem of life, or how life came about.  Apparently this is something that the hallowed discipline of religion has been unable to accomplish to date.

So how does science answer the problem of life where religion has so far failed?  It does so through the generations of chaos and the good judgment of evolution.  These two, according to this claim, are the power couple of science.

To quickly say how they work together, chaos could be thought of as the engine of creation.  It is constantly bringing forth new orders and patterns into the world.  Just think of the stripes on a tiger or the spots on a cow.  Evolution then decides from among these chaotic creations what is good (and worth keeping) and what is evil (and for the ash heap).  Effectively, chaos sets them up and natural selection knocks them down (or at least it knocks down those that prove incapable of passing on their traits).

With this religion is (apparently) surpassed by science in terms of life explaining power.  Chaos and evolution provide natural mechanisms for what could before only be explained by God, the original engine and judge of creation.

But let's be serious for a moment.  Even if we accept these natural mechanisms (indeed, I would say that both chaos and evolutionary theory are beautiful and true), is this power couple a superior solution to the problem of life than God?  Has science surpassed religion?

One simple question decides the matter for me: Can we shout with joy before the mindless generations and selections of nature?  Are these above all praiseworthy or creative of the good?  Can we deny that a more mindful creative power is at work?  Or could be at work and should be at work?

I don't think so.  I don't think anyone can seriously think so.  Therefore science has not surpassed religion.

Thanks be to Job.

The Wisdom of our Ancestors

On occassion, typically as a last resort, you might hear a certain criticism being launched against Biblical philosophy, if there is such a thing, or against any ancient thinking for that matter.

The criticism is basically that, being written so long ago, such ancient teachings can hardly be right.  That we're sitting on the receiving end of a long development in thought, and as a result our thoughts today are far truer than were the thoughts of our ancestors.  The idea being that we have learned from their mistakes and long since improved upon their conclusions. 

But is this the case?  Are we wiser than our ancestors given our posterior position in history?

Another argument for this kind of thinking is based on the fairly safe premise that we have technological and scientific knowledge in excess of those who came before us.  And that just as we have superior knowledge in this regard we must have superior knowledge in matters of wisdom (or morality) as well.

But can we really make that first claim?  Are we more ingenious engineers than our ancestors?

Even when it comes to matters of science and technology it is not uncommon, when determining how the pyramids or other ancient wonders were built for example, to be flummoxed by how it was done.  Some people, because they can't fathom the process themselves, jump again to the (rather irrational) conclusion that divine (or alien!) intervention must somehow be involved.  Others, however, accept the ingenuity of humankind and hear rather the call to discern in such examples.  Instead of dismissing the inventive power of our ancestors they embrace it, and try to figure out how they could accomplish such feats...

So I ask, if we can credit our ancestors with marvels of engineering, and we can strive to discern their processes there, why not in matters of wisdom (or morality)?  Should we not, when flummoxed by an ancient text, be just as keen to figure out what is going on, or what it is that is being taught?  That here too may be a marvel of human ingenuity and inventiveness?

As great as our potential may be at the receiving end of history we should not be so full of ourselves or so dismissive of our ancestor's wisdom.  Although thinking is far from over we should not treat their works as dated but as a call to discern.  As revealing treasures as valuable today as ever before.

Thanks be to Job.

Following Postmodernism

Read an article awhile ago on postmodernism.  Or on what comes after postmodernism.

It is not an uncommon question.  Answers also abound.  As do views of what postmodernism is.

But the article did make me think.  Not so much about its proposal, but my own.

For what it's worth then, I think that postmodernism, no matter what it is besides, is an epoch of thought defined by a certain moral ambiguousness or spiritual neutrality.   It is a time of undecidability.  Of not knowing how or what to decide or believe.  It is a time when decisions and defining beliefs are elusive or hard to come by. 

Under postmodernism leadership is uninspiring.  Morality is in need of rejuvination.  Religion is doubtful and of little significance. 

Postmodernism marks a time of spiritual void or vacuity.  Of complete and utter homelessness and hopelessness.  Of having nowhere to rest our head so full of confusion about what is good and what is evil.  About what is True and what is false.

 

Postmodernism has this quality because it comes after the end of modernism, after the many (anthropocentric!) idols and projects of modernism fell and failed.  Progress.  Reason.  The systematisation of reality.  Even modernism's typically steadfast commitment to God falls into disrepute under postmodernism.  Or at least the God of so-called "onto-theology" does, which Nietzsche, and Stirner before him, declared the death of.

(Modernism too struggled with religion but the point there was not that we shouldn't commit to God, which we should, but that we should rely on our own reason rather than the authority of others when it comes to discerning God's word.  This is why modernism gave rise to the Protestant Reformation, which advocated a personal relationship with Scripture versus a Church controlled one.)

As a critique of modernism's values postmodernism is effectively a time of having nothing left upon which we can rely.  Again, it is a time of moral ambiguity and spiritual void.

But as to what follows postmodernism this gives us a vital clue.  I think Nietzsche puts it well when he describes our possible responses to nihilism: Either we can give up any search for Truth, opting instead to play Nintendo and eat cheesy poofs all day, or we could be like explorers who look yearningly into the space opened up by postmodernism.

That is, we could commit to a neutered existence or we could be enheartened and emboldened by the vista  before us.  The space cleared of all of modernism's (humanistic!) errors and ready for us to begin hoping and desiring for something new.  A foundation upon which, and from which, we can live.

The epoch of thought that follows postmodernism then, or that should follow postmodernism, is a time defined by seeking out this new home.  It is a time of searching for a new religion and inspiration for decision and spiritual fulfillment.

It too is a homeless time but at least the restless wandering of postmodernism is replaced by a moving about with purpose.  The moral ambiguity, secularity and atheism accompanying postmodernism are replaced by a hint and promise of something True.  A promised land and day of rest after the long hard work and labour pains that define the epoch of thought we are currently in.

Thanks be to Job.

Why I am Catholic

As a Catholic I'm far from perfect.  And I certainly don't want to suggest my commitment to the full set of Catholic doctrines and opinions.  Or at least not those of the earthly organization that we call the Catholic Church.  But as far from perfect as I may be I am Catholic.  And that statement of faith requires some explanation, at least to myself, in the name of personal integrity.

So why am I Catholic?  There are many reasons.  I won't tackle them all here.  Only the first and main reason, namely, that the Catholic Church is the original Church, there can be only one Church, and in its nature it is the Church of everyone.  In the Catholic Church everyone finds his or her place and meaning.

To understand this though is to understand that the Catholic Church is more than just a place or organization.  It is more than just a political concept, a set of teachings, or something that we are to attend every Sunday.  The Catholic Church is these things but it is also bigger than these things.  The Catholic Church is the presence of Christ on earth, which is to say the presence of wisdom and love.  Howsoever wisdom and love express themselves in an earthly organization or Sunday service.

To be part of the Catholic Church is to be part of the body of Christ.  It is to serve our own particular function like the hand or the eye, or like that of a plumber or scientist, a mediator or consoler.  But it is to do so under the head of Christ, who is wisdom and love.  To say "I am Catholic" is to declare one's commitment, not to some earthly organization, or to the Pope in Rome, but to wisdom and love.  To the rule of wisdom and love on earth.  Or to any Pope who embodies these things...

As the presence of wisdom and love on earth there can be only one Church.  The Catholic Church is something that we can all be part of, and find meaning in, despite our differences.  What is it that St. Paul says?  "It doesn't matter if you're Greek or Jew, slave or free, male or female (gay or straight, Muslim or atheist...).  These are differences that make no difference in the body of Christ."  Our differences are not what exclude us in the sense of what keep us out, but rather in the sense of what sets us apart, and gives us a special role to play in the body of Christ.  Our differences are what make us an ear or a toe, a farmer or a doctor, a judge and even executioner.  Our differences are what give us a special power to contribute to the power and glory of wisdom and love on earth.

The very word "Catholic" says it all:  Rooted in the Greek word 'katholou' meaning 'universal' the Catholic Church is for everyone.   Everyone is called to join in and empower the cause of wisdom and love.  Everyone has a place and role to play in the Catholic Church.  No one is to be left outside.  Despite what doctrines the earthly organization might suggest.  Despite what differences may set us apart.

The Catholic Church is the union of all in the body of Christ.  It is the union of those who are part of the body of Christ.  It is the union of all those who are in the service of wisdom and love.

The Catholic Church is the original Church, and there can be only one Church.  The Church is something I find very appealing.

That is why I am Catholic.  Or try to be.

Thanks be to Job.

Opening Classical Theology

There is a theological model called the classical view.  Proponents of it claim the power and glory of God and God's wonderful plan for all things.

They also insist that God preordains all things, in the strong sense that the cosmic timeline is closed and decided long before we ever came along.  In classical theism every joy and sorrow is set by God from the beginning.  Every good and evil that happens is going to happen no matter what we say or do because it is part of God's plan.

As a result of this classical theism has a problem.  Namely, God's implication in evil.  How could God plan for the horrors of the past, or those of today?  There is also the problem with human dignity.  If God has planned everything, our sense of freedom and personal achievement loses all meaning.

Can we believe in the power and glory of God if God has planned everything?  Can classical theism be saved?

Thankfully there is a counter-current to classical theism which is commonly referred to as the "open" view.  It does not propose a closed system but rather an open-ended creation that God enters into with us.  God wants us to be free so that we can work together in a loving relationship toward what God has all along planned.  Even if granting us freedom runs the risk that we do something else, and take the world in a whole other direction.  In the name of human freedom and the possibility of true partnership God is willing to take the risk, and to abide all of the terrible things that we have done.  To forgive us even.

With this move open theism addresses both of the problems with the classical view.  When God no longer predetermines everything God is no longer complicit in evil.  Evil arises from the free choices of human beings instead.  A space is also opened for human dignity through what we accomplish with our decisions.  There is pride to be had as a human being through our contribution to the achievement of God's wonderful plan.

The only cost is a God who predetermines everything.  What is saved is a God who can do all things in power and glory.

Thanks be to Job.

The Serpent's Truth and God's Lie

We need to be careful with the serpent.  We need to remove any preconception that the serpent is evil. 

The serpent is not evil.  In fact it is the wisest of wild creatures in the beginning.

What we have to understand is that the serpent is not out to get Eve but to help her.  The serpent doesn't lie to Eve but tells her the truth.  It tells her a good thing, that eating from the tree of knowledge doesn't lead to death but to life.  That the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil should be eaten.

There's nothing false about what the serpent says.  If it is trying to tempt Eve it is because it tells her about a good thing, something that she is appropriately tempted by.  Something that the serpent wants to share because it is good.  If the serpent is blameworthy it is because it is not wise enough.  It doesn't understand why God would lie, and keep Adam and Eve from the knowledge of good and evil...

So why would God lie?  Why would God tell Adam that in eating from the tree he would die?

Like the serpent God knows that knowing good and evil can produce life-giving fruit.  But God also knows that it can be hard to swallow.  A certain maturity is required before we should have such knowledge.  Having knowledge of good and evil is an important stage in moral development...

It is important that as children we don't realize our nudity.  We might be ashamed if we did...

Thanks be to Job.

Why Truth Is Not Had Through Reason

What a piece of work, Plato's Parmenides!  What a call to discern and a challenge to our wisdom!

To give some context, Plato and Parmenides were among the greatest Greek philosophers.  Plato was taught by Socrates who was in turn taught by Parmenides.  Parmenides was an elder in the time of Socrates' youth and if we trust Plato's account they had dealings with each other.  Parmenides was a mentor.

In his own time Parmenides left us a wonderful poem about truth.  Only fragments of it remain but the goal of the poem is quite clear.  It is meant to show us the way of truth.  Parmenides also claims to show us the way of untruth but this part of his work is by and large missing.  As a result it is hard to derive Parmenides' teaching.

Plato's Parmenides is a great resource then because we have it in its entirety.  In the dialogue Plato also has Parmenides make a similar promise to his interlocuters.  To show them the way of truth (and untruth).

He says that the process is long and arduous, but I think if we abstract from the particulars the result is quite clear.  What follows is his method and what I believe is the result:

When showing the way of truth Parmenides first takes a thesis.  Any thesis would do but for Parmenides it is 'being is'.

From this statement Parmenides produces an argument.  He develops an incontrovertible result from the fact that being is.  For example, all is in motion.

He then starts over and does it again, but this time he shows something completely different from the thesis.  For instance, when before he showed from 'being is' that everything is in motion he would then show that everything is still.

In an indisputable way Parmenides shows how the potential truth 'being is' yields confounding results.  He leaves us with the feeling that the statement we thought was true cannot be trusted.

What is more, Parmenides then takes the counter statement 'being is not' and repeats the process!  He shows that this too, when rationally developed, leads only to confusion.

Parmenides ultimately presents us with four fully rational but mutually exclusive arguments that ultimately undermine both that being is and that being is not.  What is shown is not just how little we know but how little we can know through rational discourse.

And that's just it: The truth that glares us in the face once Parmenides is done is not a truth obtained through reason but the truth that reason is not the way of truth.

The way of truth is some other way.  Perhaps the only way that is left once reason is dispelled and discourse ceases.

Thanks be to Job.

The Decimation of Israel

God doesn't always come across so good in the Bible.  One place where God's actions are especially questionable is Exodus 32.  Or the story of the golden calf.  For those of you who are unaware it goes something like this: Moses leads the people out of Egypt.  Moses then goes up into the mountains.  The people grow tired of waiting down below.  The people commission a golden calf for their worshipping needs.

When Moses eventually comes down, 3000 Israelites die because of the betrayal.  Moses' command after gathering those loyal to him gives us a good idea why:

"This is what the Lord our God says: 'Each man strap a sword to his side. Go back and forth through the camp from one end to the other, each killing his brother and friend and neighbor.'"

In other words, it is the word of the Lord that Israel be decimated.  Hence why God doesn't always come across so good.  Ordering things like genocide.  And of His chosen people no less!

But as always with the Bible we must be careful.  When we see something so contrary we need to look closer.  To see what's really going on we have to wind our way back up the mountain, to when God first discovered Israel's betrayal.  If we do so we indeed see that God is in a genocidal mood because of it, for God says to Moses:

"Leave me alone so that my anger may burn against them and that I may destroy them. Then I will make you into a great nation."

In other words, God wants to start fresh with Moses and to scrap the rest.  God wants to do precisely what Moses eventually commands those loyal to him to do.  Decimate Israel.

The problem is, this initial decision of God's is unacceptable to Moses.  Moses calls God to remember Egypt.  Moses asks God whether Israel was saved only to be destroyed.  Moses begs God to remember Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and the (potential) glory of the people.  And as we see Moses succeeds:

"...for the Lord relented and did not bring on the people the disaster that had been threatened."

So what gives?  Why is Israel decimated in God's name? 

What is clear is that it is only after Moses descends from the mountain that the command is given.  It is only after Moses sees for himself the idolatry of the people that his own anger is incited against them and he gives the order to kill (in God's name).

To understand what is going on we have to see Moses as God's representative to the people.  Moses speaks in God's name.  He is to do exactly what God would do.  And as we see this is precisely what he does: He becomes angry and wants to smite the people upon seeing their idolatry.

The problem is that Moses didn't have someone like himself to soothe his anger.

Aaron, Moses' sidekick, who was to be to Moses as Moses was to God, failed to change Moses' mind as Moses changed God's.  Aaron failed to be the wisdom that we are all called to be and as a result Israel was decimated.

Thanks be to Job.

Derrida's Cat

There was a famous philosopher named Jacques Derrida.  In one of his final works he wrote about the animal and nudity.  What I found immediately provocative about this work, which I have only begun to engage, is an experience that he describes with his cat.  Coming out of the shower one day Derrida was caught naked by the cat.

He tells us that in that moment he was ashamed.  He was naked and he was ashamed.

Now I don't know why Derrida was ashamed before his cat.  Shame is not something that I tend to feel when naked before an animal (my dog for instance).  But Derrida says he was ashamed.  He also says that he was ashamed of being ashamed. Standing naked before his cat Derrida was ashamed and he was ashamed of being ashamed.

As to why Derrida was ashamed of being ashamed I like to think that he was harking back to bygone days.  To childhood.  To that time in our lives when we were just beginners in wisdom and there was still pride and joy to be taken in nudity.  When we didn't know or care about our nakedness and we couldn't recognize good from evil. 

I like to think that Derrida was lamenting the loss of a remarkable openness toward others and an acceptance of others that we once possessed as children.  (An acceptance that I find for instance when I stand naked before an animal.  An openness that makes it impossible to feel any shame before them.  Unless I have done them harm.  Or have been too hard on them.)

I like to think that Derrida, in confessing that he was ashamed of being ashamed, was proclaiming the wisdom of nudity.  That while part of our moral development is finding out that we are naked the next step is not covering up or hiding in this state but persevering.  Whether we are ashamed or not.  Whether we should be ashamed or ashamed of being ashamed.

I like to think that Derrida is professing the potential glory of humankind by describing the experience that he has with the cat.

Thanks be to Job.

From Eschaton to Apocalypse

I recently read The Road by Cormac McCarthy.  You may know it better from the film released awhile back starring Viggo Mortensen.  I won't give away any spoilers here but I will say what I took from the story.

To set the stage, the book provides an account of a father and son travelling through, and struggling to survive in, a post-apocalyptic world.  But "post-apocalyptic" is probably the wrong word to use.  A better description would be a world between eschaton and apocalypse, where the eschaton is the end time and the apocalypse is the new beginning.  The Road shows us the journey in between, from eschaton to apocalypse.  It shows us a father and son making their way through a world choking on the ashes of the old and with only a childish hope for the new.

That hope still exists in this "between" world is evident in the fact that the pair are travelling south.  They are trying to make their way to the sea and to the possibility for life that the sea represents.  More palpably it is evident in the son.  Not in the sense that the son has hope but in the sense that the son is the hope (of the father).  The son is the seed of the new world.  The son is the goodness from the old that must be carried forward into the new, and that needs to be preserved in the process.  No matter what the cost.  By whatever means.

With this setting The Road offers us something like a theodicy.  I say "something like" because a theodicy typically provides a defense of the justice of God. The goal is to get God off of the hook for evil, or to show that God is just despite evil.  The Road offers us something like a theodicy because instead of defending God's justice it gives us a reason for God's injustice.  It doesn't give us an explanation for all evil but it does give an explanation for certain immoral actions that all of us could understand.

The point I take from The Road then, to finally get to my point, is not so much that we are to survive by any means possible once the end time comes, as if we are to be like the cannibals that the father and son try to avoid, but rather that we are to protect and preserve the hope that is the son by any means possible.  The goodness of the son must survive to bring about the post-apocalyptic world that we all dream of.  No matter what the cost.  By whatever means.

Thanks be to Job.

Jeremiah's Loincloth

Jeremiah was a prophet.

His story holds an interesting account where God tells him to go get a loincloth.  Any one that he chooses.

God then tells Jeremiah to wear the loincloth and not to clean it.  God wants Jeremiah to go about in dirty underwear (and nothing else).

From there the ridiculousness goes on, but instead of continuing the story I would like to change registers.  I would like to use this story to address a modern cultural problem, namely, that some people expect such foolishness of the Bible, and might jump to the conclusion that this story is a confirmation of their expectation.

In response to this pervasive belief that the Bible is absurd my point is simple: Such baffling moments in Scripture, moments such as the story of Jeremiah and his loincloth, are not a sign of the Bible's absurdity but are a call for us to discern.  Such moments are a challenge to us to figure out what the hell is going on.

For instance, in the case of Jeremiah's loincloth is this some kind of a punishment?  Is Jeremiah to go about in dirty underwear because of something he has done?  No!  Jeremiah condemns the iniquity of his people and works miracles among them.  He is a good man and has done nothing to deserve such treatment...

Is the point then to show Jeremiah that without his care the loincloth is ruined?  Is it to say that without God's care Jeremiah, and Israel more broadly, would be nothing, just as without Jeremiah's care the loincloth is nothing?  If so, why would God need to teach such a lesson to Jeremiah?  Doesn't Jeremiah already know the ingratitude of his people as well as his smallness before the Almighty?

This last possibility is closer to the mark though.  The trick to figuring out the story is indeed that the loincloth is to Jeremiah as Jeremiah is to God, but God's point is not that Jeremiah would amount to nothing without God, but rather that Jeremiah has been selected as an article of pride. Jeremiah's loincloth is in the same relationship to Jeremiah as Jeremiah is to God: they are both chosen adornments.  Articles of clothing chosen of their own accord to gird the chooser's loins.

In other words, it is not the grace of God that makes Jeremiah worthy, nor Jeremiah's tending of the loincloth that makes the loincloth worthy.  Rather it is the personal qualities of Jeremiah and the loincloth that make Jeremiah and the loincloth worthy of their place of pride.

Jeremiah is not to clean his loincloth because God wants him to learn this lesson.  God wants Jeremiah to learn that despite the iniquity of his people Jeremiah was, still is, and may continue to be the glory of God.  Israel and humankind more broadly were once articles of pride and may be so again.  Without the grace of God and of their own accord.

That is what we learn if we discern what is going on with Jeremiah and his loincloth.  We see our value as human beings in the eyes of God.  We find that we can be worthy of adorning God's own loins.

Such a baffling moment is not a sign of absurdity but of a humanism of greatest consolation and joy.

Thanks be to Job.